{"id":25981301,"date":"2025-12-19T07:10:40","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T07:10:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nutagen.com\/co-jsou-vlastne-mikrorna-mirna\/"},"modified":"2025-12-19T07:10:40","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T07:10:40","slug":"co-jsou-vlastne-mikrorna-mirna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/co-jsou-vlastne-mikrorna-mirna\/","title":{"rendered":"Co jsou vlastn\u011b mikroRNA (miRNA)?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>MikroRNA (miRNA) jsou mal\u00e9 nek\u00f3duj\u00edc\u00ed molekuly RNA o d\u00e9lce p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 18 a\u017e 25 nukleotid\u016f. Hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v genov\u00e9 regulaci (epigenetice), proto\u017ee inhibuj\u00ed translaci messengerov\u00e9 RNA (mRNA) nebo podporuj\u00ed jej\u00ed rozklad. T\u00edm ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed \u0159adu bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch proces\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho r\u016fstu, diferenciace, apopt\u00f3zy a v\u00fdvoje.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Biosynt\u00e9za mikroRNA<\/h3>\n<p>Biosynt\u00e9za miRNA prob\u00edh\u00e1 v n\u011bkolika kroc\u00edch:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Transkripce:<\/strong> miRNA jsou nejprve transkribov\u00e1ny jako prim\u00e1rn\u00ed miRNA (pri-miRNA) pomoc\u00ed RNA polymer\u00e1zy II nebo III.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9m j\u00e1dru:<\/strong> Enzym Drosha \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed pri-miRNA na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 70 nukleotid\u016f dlouhou prekurzorovou miRNA (pre-miRNA).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Transport do cytoplazmy:<\/strong> Pre-miRNA je transportov\u00e1na do cytoplazmy pomoc\u00ed exportinu-5.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zr\u00e1n\u00ed v cytoplazm\u011b:<\/strong> Enzym Dicer zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 pre-miRNA na dvoj\u0159et\u011bzcov\u00fd miRNA duplex o d\u00e9lce p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 22 nukleotid\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Integrace do komplexu RISC:<\/strong> Jeden z obou \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f je integrov\u00e1n jako vodic\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzec do komplexu RNA-indukovan\u00e9ho uml\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed (RISC), zat\u00edmco druh\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec je rozlo\u017een.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Regulace gen\u016f:<\/strong> Zral\u00e1 miRNA se v\u00e1\u017ee na komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed sekvence c\u00edlov\u00e9 mRNA, aby inhibovala jej\u00ed translaci nebo zah\u00e1jila jej\u00ed rozklad.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Funkce a v\u00fdznam<\/h3>\n<p>miRNA se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na mnoha biologick\u00fdch procesech, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00fdvoj a diferenciace:<\/strong> Reguluj\u00ed specializaci bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch lini\u00ed a v\u00fdvoj org\u00e1n\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Onemocn\u011bn\u00ed:<\/strong> miRNA jsou spojov\u00e1ny s rakovinou, neurodegenerativn\u00edmi onemocn\u011bn\u00edmi, kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edmi chorobami a dal\u0161\u00edmi patologiemi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Imunitn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f:<\/strong> moduluj\u00ed z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 reakce a imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Aplikace v klasick\u00e9, holistick\u00e9 medic\u00edn\u011b a ve v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Biomarkery:<\/strong> miRNA mohou slou\u017eit jako diagnostick\u00e9 markery pro rakovinu, neurodegenerativn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed nebo infekce.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Terapeutick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy:<\/strong> miRNA mimetika (zes\u00edlen\u00ed funkce miRNA) a antagomiR (inhibice funkce miRNA) jsou zkoum\u00e1ny jako potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed terapeutick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Genomick\u00e1 editace<\/strong> C\u00edlen\u00e1 manipulace s miRNA m\u016f\u017ee umo\u017enit budouc\u00ed personalizovanou medic\u00ednu a intervence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Reference<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Bartel, D. P. (2004). &#8222;MicroRNAs: Genomics, Biogenesis, Mechanism, and Function.&#8220; <em>Cell<\/em>, 116(2), 281-297.<\/li>\n<li>Ambros, V. (2001). &#8222;MicroRNAs: Tiny Regulators with Great Potential.&#8220; <em>Cell<\/em>, 107(7), 823-826.<\/li>\n<li>Krol, J., Loedige, I., &amp; Filipowicz, W. (2010). &#8222;The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay.&#8220; <em>Nature Reviews Genetics<\/em>, 11(9), 597-610.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>MicroRNAs are therefore essential regulators of biological processes with great potential for lifestyle, medicine, and biotechnology.<\/p>\n<p>In 2024, the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to US researchers Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun. They were honored for their discovery of microRNA and its role in gene regulation. These small RNA molecules are crucial for controlling gene activity and influence numerous biological processes. MicroRNAs are considered THE newly discovered biomarkers that exert a causal influence on our organism.<\/p>\n<p>Victor Ambros is a professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, while Gary Ruvkun is a professor at Harvard Medical School.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2024\/press-release\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2024\/press-release\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Studies suggest that phytonutrients can modulate the expression of miRNAs. This means that they can influence the activity of miRNAs and thereby alter gene expression. <\/p>\n<p>This mechanism could explain how phytonutrients exert their health-promoting effects. For example, certain phytonutrients have been shown to influence the expression of miRNAs involved in cancer development, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. One study examines the microRNA-mediated health-promoting effects of phytonutrients. The study demonstrates that phytonutrients can regulate the expression of various microRNAs. <\/p>\n<p>MicroRNAs are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as development, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Phytonutrients regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs, which usually leads to the degradation or translational repression of the target mRNA.<\/p>\n<h3>References:<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ethz.ch\/de\/news-und-veranstaltungen\/eth-news\/news\/2022\/10\/wie-die-genetik-ausserhalb-von-genen-unser-koerpergewicht-beeinflusst.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ethz.ch\/de\/news-und-veranstaltungen\/eth-news\/news\/2022\/10\/wie-die-genetik-ausserhalb-von-genen-unser-koerpergewicht-beeinflusst.html<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ots.at\/presseaussendung\/OTS_20190828_OTS0105\/nussmolekuele-koennen-das-entzuendungs-und-stoffwechselprofil-von-fettzellen-guenstig-beeinflussen?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ots.at\/presseaussendung\/OTS_20190828_OTS0105\/nussmolekuele-koennen-das-entzuendungs-und-stoffwechselprofil-von-fettzellen-guenstig-beeinflussen?utm_source=chatgpt.com<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mpg.de\/8973715\/mpip_jb_2014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mpg.de\/8973715\/mpip_jb_2014<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/dzhk.de\/newsroom\/aktuelles\/news\/artikel\/erste-microrna-therapie-fuer-das-herz-funktioniert-beim-menschen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/dzhk.de\/newsroom\/aktuelles\/news\/artikel\/erste-microrna-therapie-fuer-das-herz-funktioniert-beim-menschen\/<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40664-024-00555-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40664-024-00555-y<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>mikroRNA (miRNA) jsou mal\u00e9 nek\u00f3duj\u00edc\u00ed molekuly RNA o d\u00e9lce p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 18 a\u017e 25 nukleotid\u016f. Hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v regulaci gen\u016f (epigenetika) t\u00edm, \u017ee inhibuj\u00ed translaci messengerov\u00e9 RNA (mRNA) nebo podporuj\u00ed jej\u00ed degradaci. To jim umo\u017e\u0148uje ovliv\u0148ovat \u0159adu bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch proces\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho r\u016fstu, diferenciace, apopt\u00f3zy a v\u00fdvoje.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25981300,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[151],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25981301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mikrorna"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25981301","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25981301"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25981301\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25981300"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25981301"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25981301"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25981301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}