{"id":25981289,"date":"2025-12-19T06:56:22","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T06:56:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nutagen.com\/znamky-casu-jak-lidske-organy-starnou-odlisne\/"},"modified":"2025-12-19T06:56:22","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T06:56:22","slug":"znamky-casu-jak-lidske-organy-starnou-odlisne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/znamky-casu-jak-lidske-organy-starnou-odlisne\/","title":{"rendered":"Zn\u00e1mky \u010dasu: Jak lidsk\u00e9 org\u00e1ny st\u00e1rnou odli\u0161n\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pohled na r\u016fzn\u00e9 procesy st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a jejich vliv na na\u0161e zdrav\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u011bk je komplexn\u00ed pojem a nelze jej vyj\u00e1d\u0159it jedin\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem. Dva lid\u00e9 stejn\u00e9ho v\u011bku se mohou velmi li\u0161it \u2013 jeden m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zdrav\u00fd, druh\u00fd nemocn\u00fd nebo trp\u011bt chronick\u00fdmi onemocn\u011bn\u00edmi. Ani uvnit\u0159 lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bk jednotn\u00fd. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti t\u011bla mohou b\u00fdt zdrav\u00e9 a je\u0161t\u011b dlouho funk\u010dn\u00ed, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 org\u00e1ny ji\u017e mohou b\u00fdt na pokraji selh\u00e1n\u00ed. Odborn\u00edci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee vaje\u010dn\u00edky st\u00e1rnou tak rychle, \u017ee \u017eeny ve t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech jsou ji\u017e geriatrick\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je srovn\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla s automobilem \u2013 oba vy\u017eaduj\u00ed pe\u010dlivou p\u00e9\u010di. Pokud lak automobilu nen\u00ed po\u0161kr\u00e1ban\u00fd, m\u016f\u017ee vydr\u017eet des\u00edtky let. Motor m\u016f\u017ee fungovat po cel\u00fd \u017eivot, pokud je pravideln\u011b dob\u0159e udr\u017eov\u00e1n. Brzdov\u00e9 desti\u010dky se opot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed velmi rychle a pneumatiky by se m\u011bly m\u011bnit ka\u017ed\u00fdch p\u00e1r let, ale novou spojku budete mo\u017en\u00e1 pot\u0159ebovat a\u017e v polovin\u011b \u017eivota. Servisn\u00ed kn\u00ed\u017eka a kontrolky na palubn\u00ed desce v\u00e1m p\u0159ipomenou term\u00edn dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fadr\u017eby.<\/p>\n

V budoucnu by mohlo existovat, podobn\u011b jako u automobil\u016f, tak\u00e9 \u201ekontroln\u00ed palubn\u00ed deska\u201c pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by n\u00e1m poskytovala d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed \u00fadaje a pl\u00e1ny \u00fadr\u017eby. Odborn\u00edci pracuj\u00ed na v\u00fdvoji takov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, aby mohli l\u00e9pe sledovat a udr\u017eovat na\u0161e zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Hodiny pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed procesu st\u00e1rnut\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Kdy\u017e v\u011bdec Steve Horvath p\u0159edstavil sv\u016fj takzvan\u00fd Horvath\u016fv hodiny, byl to krok t\u00edmto sm\u011brem. Hodiny jsou n\u00e1strojem pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho st\u00e1rnut\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b epigenetiky, tj. m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edch se vzorc\u016f metylace a jin\u00fdch typ\u016f modifikac\u00ed DNA, kter\u00e9 se s v\u011bkem m\u011bn\u00ed. Koncept jeho hodinek je zalo\u017een na skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee vzorce metylace DNA se s v\u011bkem m\u011bn\u00ed. Tyto epigenetick\u00e9 vzorce koreluj\u00ed s procesem st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a mohou slou\u017eit jako biomarkery pro odhad biologick\u00e9ho v\u011bku \u2013 tedy jako lep\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko toho, jak rychle st\u00e1rneme, ne\u017e chronologick\u00fd v\u011bk.<\/p>\n

Od roku 2013, kdy Horvath p\u0159edstavil prvn\u00ed multisyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 hodiny, se rozho\u0159el z\u00e1vod o efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metody kvantifikace rychlosti a dopad\u016f st\u00e1rnut\u00ed na lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo. Studie z roku 2022 pomoc\u00ed n\u011bkolika biomarker\u016f prok\u00e1zala, \u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla st\u00e1rnou na bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 \u00farovni r\u016fznou rychlost\u00ed. Studie proveden\u00e1 na zdrav\u00fdch dosp\u011bl\u00fdch uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee rychlost obm\u011bny ur\u010dit\u00fdch typ\u016f lidsk\u00fdch bun\u011bk, z n\u00ed\u017e lze odvodit d\u00e9lku \u017eivota bun\u011bk, se pohybuje od 2 dn\u016f u jednoho typu b\u00edl\u00fdch krvinek a\u017e po 90 let u nervov\u00fdch bun\u011bk.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci se neshoduj\u00ed na tom, jak nejl\u00e9pe m\u011b\u0159it biologick\u00e9 st\u00e1rnut\u00ed org\u00e1n\u016f. A navzdory pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edmu v\u00fdzkumu neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 publikovan\u00e1, ov\u011b\u0159en\u00e1, syst\u00e9mov\u011b specifick\u00e1 epigenetick\u00e1 hodiny. Skupina v\u011bdc\u016f z univerzity v Melbourne nyn\u00ed vyvinula nov\u00fd druh biologick\u00fdch hodin pro st\u00e1rnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nejsou zalo\u017eeny na epigenetick\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 mo\u017enost boje proti nemocem?<\/h3>\n

\u201eSt\u00e1rnut\u00ed jednoho t\u011blesn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, jednoho org\u00e1nov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, m\u016f\u017ee selektivn\u011b siln\u011b ovlivnit st\u00e1rnut\u00ed jin\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Andrew Zalesky, neurov\u011bdec z univerzity v Melbourne. On a t\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f posunuli tuto syst\u00e9mov\u011b orientovanou m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho v\u011bku o krok d\u00e1le v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 studii publikovan\u00e9 v \u010dasopise Nature Medicine. T\u00edm, \u017ee zmapovali selektivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky org\u00e1n\u016f st\u00e1rnouc\u00edch r\u016fznou rychlost\u00ed na sebe navz\u00e1jem, vytvo\u0159ili nov\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak kvantifikovat a potenci\u00e1ln\u011b bojovat proti riziku chronick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s v\u011bkem.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci tak\u00e9 zjistili souvislosti mezi rychlost\u00ed st\u00e1rnut\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f a \u017eivotn\u00edm stylem a demografick\u00fdmi faktory, jako je bl\u00edzkost zelen\u00fdch ploch, kter\u00e9 b\u00fdvaj\u00ed spojeny s \u201emlad\u0161\u00edmi\u201c pl\u00edcemi. Zjistili tak\u00e9 kauz\u00e1ln\u00ed souvislosti mezi m\u00edrou st\u00e1rnut\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad st\u00e1rnut\u00ed plic m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e st\u00e1rnut\u00ed srdce, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt zase vliv na m\u00edru st\u00e1rnut\u00ed jin\u00fdch t\u011blesn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

M\u00edsto toho, aby se spol\u00e9hali na epigenetick\u00e9 hodiny st\u00e1rnut\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho v\u011bku, v\u011bdci z Melbourne odvodili sv\u00e9 \u201ehodiny\u201c z britsk\u00e9 biobanky, rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho souboru dat, ve kter\u00e9m se od roku 2006 shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed genetick\u00e9 a zdravotn\u00ed \u00fadaje 500 000 lid\u00ed. Ve sv\u00e9 nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studii v\u011bdci vyvinuli nov\u00fd zp\u016fsob m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho v\u011bku, kter\u00fd je zalo\u017een na datech z mozkov\u00fdch sken\u016f a fyziologick\u00fdch fenotyp\u016f nebo charakteristik. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b dat zdrav\u00fdch dosp\u011bl\u00fdch vycvi\u010dili modely strojov\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed, aby p\u0159edpov\u00eddaly v\u011bk r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla. Porovn\u00e1n\u00edm tohoto v\u011bku s chronologick\u00fdm v\u011bkem mohl model rozpoznat, zda nap\u0159\u00edklad srdce, pl\u00edce nebo ledviny byly star\u0161\u00ed nebo mlad\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je typick\u00e9 pro ur\u010dit\u00fd v\u011bk. Tato mezera byla vyu\u017eita k odvozen\u00ed org\u00e1nov\u011b specifick\u00fdch metod m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho v\u011bku v sedmi t\u011blesn\u00fdch a t\u0159ech mozkov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok, kdy srdce biologicky st\u00e1rne, se v\u011bk mozku zvy\u0161uje o 27 dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci tak nap\u0159\u00edklad zjistili souvislosti mezi st\u00e1rnut\u00edm srdce a mozku. Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok, kdy srdce biologicky st\u00e1rne, se v\u011bk mozku zvy\u0161uje o 27 dn\u00ed. V\u011bdci tak\u00e9 zjistili souvislosti mezi biologick\u00fdm v\u011bkem r\u016fzn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a 16 chronick\u00fdmi onemocn\u011bn\u00edmi, v\u010detn\u011b artr\u00f3zy, cukrovky a rakoviny. Tyto korelace sice neprokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e1 nemoc nebo ur\u010dit\u00fd faktor \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu zp\u016fsobuje st\u00e1rnut\u00ed org\u00e1nu nebo naopak, ale mohly by b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 pro rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch interakc\u00ed mezi t\u011bmito t\u011blesn\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

Skute\u010dnou v\u00fdzvou je p\u0159ej\u00edt od fragmentovan\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu ke zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di \u2013 jeden l\u00e9ka\u0159 na jeden org\u00e1n \u2013 k nov\u00e9mu definov\u00e1n\u00ed zdrav\u00ed jako dynamick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b interakc\u00ed mezi tk\u00e1n\u011bmi a org\u00e1nov\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee l\u00e9ka\u0159i by se mohli soust\u0159edit na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed org\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 st\u00e1rnou rychleji ne\u017e okoln\u00ed syst\u00e9my, a tak potenci\u00e1ln\u011b zpomalit proces st\u00e1rnut\u00ed nebo zastavit nemoci. Lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed variac\u00ed biologick\u00e9ho v\u011bku by tak\u00e9 mohlo l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016fm pomoci vyvinout terapie pro lidi na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich individu\u00e1ln\u00edch rizikov\u00fdch faktor\u016f.<\/p>\n

Abychom z\u016fstali u p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed s autem: kdy\u017e auto st\u00e1rne, v\u0161e podl\u00e9h\u00e1 opot\u0159eben\u00ed. Kdy je t\u0159eba vym\u011bnit v\u00fdfuk nebo jinou d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st, pokud se objev\u00ed zn\u00e1mky toho, \u017ee se brzy n\u011bco pokaz\u00ed? P\u0159esn\u00fd a cenov\u011b dostupn\u00fd test biologick\u00e9ho st\u00e1rnut\u00ed je trumfem mechanika, kter\u00fd rozpozn\u00e1, \u017ee sm\u011bs vzduchu a paliva nen\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, je\u0161t\u011b ne\u017e si v\u0161imnete podivn\u00e9ho z\u00e1pachu. Odstran\u011bn\u00ed tohoto probl\u00e9mu by sn\u00ed\u017eilo spot\u0159ebu paliva, zlep\u0161ilo plynulost j\u00edzdy a zabr\u00e1nilo opot\u0159eben\u00ed motoru. Bez dobr\u00e9ho mechanika (nebo p\u0159esn\u00e9ho a cenov\u011b dostupn\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159i\u010de st\u00e1rnut\u00ed) si mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u0161imneme, \u017ee n\u011bco nen\u00ed v po\u0159\u00e1dku, a\u017e kdy\u017e je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pozd\u011b nebo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 drah\u00e9 to opravit. Ale kter\u00e9mu m\u011b\u0159i\u010di st\u00e1rnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu \u201emechanikovi\u201c m\u016f\u017eeme opravdu v\u011b\u0159it?<\/p>\n

Reference<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Nie, C., Li, Y., Li, R., Yan, Y., Zhang, D., Li, T., Li, Z., Sun, Y., Zhen, H., Ding, J., Wan, Z., Gong, J., Shi, Y., Huang, Z., Wu, Y., Cai, K., Zong, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, R., . . . Xu, X. (2022). Distinct biological ages of organs and systems identified from a multi-omics study. Cell Reports<\/em>, 38<\/em>(10), 110459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110459<\/li>\n
  2. Seim, I., Ma, S. & Gladyshev, V. N. (2016). Gene expression signatures of human cell and tissue longevity. Research Gate<\/em>, 2<\/em>(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npjamd.2016.14<\/li>\n
  3. Tian, Y. E., Cropley, V., Maier, A. B., Lautenschlager, N. T., Breakspear, M. & Zalesky, A. (2023). Heterogeneous aging across multiple organ systems and prediction of chronic disease and mortality. Nature Medicine<\/em>, 29<\/em>(5), 1221\u20131231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02296-6<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Lid\u00e9 a jejich org\u00e1ny st\u00e1rnou r\u016fznou rychlost\u00ed \u2013 nov\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 hodiny ukazuj\u00ed, jak jsou procesy st\u00e1rnut\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f propojen\u00e9, a v budoucnu by mohly pomoci v\u010dasn\u011bji odhalit nemoci a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji je l\u00e9\u010dit.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25981288,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[149],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25981289","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dlouhovekost"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25981289","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25981289"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25981289\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25981288"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25981289"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25981289"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutagen.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25981289"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}